Ackerman , T. P. , Flynn , D. M. and Marchand , R. T. 2003 . Quantifyingh the magnitude of anomalous solar absorption . J. Geophys. Res . 108 , 4273 , https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JD002674 .
Allan , R. P. 2000 . Evaluation of simulated clear-sky longwave radiation using ground-based observations . J. Clim . 13 , 1951 – 1964 .
Arking , A. 1999 . The influence of clouds and water vapor on atmospheric absorption . Geophys. Res. Lett . 26 , 2729 – 2732 .
Barkstrom , B. R. , Harrison , E. F. and Lee , R. B. BI 1990. Earth Radiation Budget Experiment. EOS 71 , 297 - 305 .
Bodas-Salcedo , A. , Ringer , M. A. and Jones , A. 2008 . Evaluation of the surface radiation budget in the atmospheric component of the Hadley Centre Global Environmental Model (HadGEM1). J. Clim . in press .
Cagnazzo , C. , Manzini , E. , Giorgetta , M. A. , De Forster , P. M. and Mor-crette , J. J. 2007 . Impact of an improved shortwave radiation scheme in the MAECHAM5 General Circulation Model . Atmos. Chem. Phys . 7 , 2503 – 2515 .
Cess , R. D. , Zhang , M. H. , Minnis , P. , Corsetti , X. , Dutton , E. G. , and co-authors . 1995 . Absorption of solar radia-tion by clouds: observations versus models . Science 267 , 496 - 499 .
Chevallier , F. and Morcrette , J. J. 2000 . Comparison of model fluxes with surface and top-of-the-atmosphere observations . Mon. Wea. Rev . 128 , 3839 – 3852 .
Cusack , S. , Slingo , A. , Edwards , J. M. and Wild , M. 1998 . The ra-diative impact of a simple aerosol climatology on the Hadley centre atmospheric GCM . Quart. J. Roy. Met. Soc . 124 , 2517 – 2526 .
Dutton , E. G. 1993 . An extended comparison between LOWTRAN7 computed and observed broadband thermal irradiances: global ex-treme and intermediate surface conditions . J. Atmos. Ocean. TechnoL 10 , 326 – 336 .
Fouquart , Y. , Bonnel , B. and Ramaswamy , V. 1991 . Intercomparing shortwave radiation codes for climate studies . J. Geophys. Res . 96 , 8929 – 8953 .
Garratt , J. R. 1994 . Incoming shortwave fluxes at the surface — a com-parison of GCM results with observations . J. Clim . 7 , 72 – 80 .
Garratt , J. R. and Prata , A. 1996 . Downwelling longwave fluxes at con-tinental surfaces—a comparison with GCM simulations and implica-tions for the global land-surface radiation budget . J. Clim . 11 , 646 – 655 .
Gilgen , H. , Wild , M. and Ohmura , A. 1998 . Means and trends of short-wave irradiance at the surface estimated from Global Energy Balance Archive data. J. Clim . 11 , 2042 - 2061 .
Gutowski , W. J. , Gutzler , D. S. and Wang , W. C. 1991 . Surface en-ergy balances of three general circulation models: implications for simulating regional climate change. J. Clim . 4 , 121 - 134 .
Halthore , R. N. , Crisp , D. , Schwartz , S. E. , Anderson , G. P. , Berk , A., and co-authors . 2005. Intercomparison of shortwave radiative transfer codes and measurements. J. Geophys. Res . 110 , D11206, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JD005293 .
Iacono , M. J. , Mlawer , E. J. , Clough , S. A. and Morcrette , J. J. 2002 . Impact of an improved longwave radiation model, RRTM, on the en-ergy budget and thermodynamic properties of the NCAR community climate model, CCM3. J. Geophys. Res . 105 , 14873 - 14890 .
IPCC IPCC200 . Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis (Con-tribution of Working Group Ito the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) (eds S. Solomon , D. Qin , M. Manning , Z. Chen , M. Marquis and co-editors ). Cambridge University Press , Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, N.Y., USA , 996 pp .
Kato , S. , Ackerman , T. P. , Clothiaux , E. E , Mather , J. H. , Mace , G. G. and co-authors. 1997 . Uncertainties in modeled and measured clear-sky surface shortwave irradiances. J. Geophys. Res . 102 , 25881 - 25898 .
Kinne , S. , Bergstrom , R. , Toon , O. B. , Dutton , E. and Shiobara , M. 1998 . Clear-sky atmospheric solar transmission: an analysis based on FIRE 1991 field experiment data. J. Geophys. Res . 103 , 19709 - 19720 .
Li , Z. , Whitlock , C. H. and Charlock , T. P. 1995 . The variable effect of clouds on atmospheric absorption of solar radiation . Nature 376 , 486 – 490 .
Li , Z. , Moreau , L. and Arking , A. 1997 . On solar energy disposition: a perspective from observation and modeling . Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc . 78 , 53 – 70 .
Li , Z. , Trishchenko , A. R , Barker , H. W. , Stephens , G. L. and Partain , P. 1999 . Analyses of Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) program’s Enhanced Shortwave Experiment (ARESE) multiple data sets for studyingcloud absorption . J. Geophys. Res ., 104 , 19127 – 19134 .
Markovic , M. , Jones , C. , Vaillancourt , P. , Paquin , D. and Paquin-Ricard , D. 2008. An evaluation of the surface radiation budget over North America for a suite of regional climate models and reanalysis data, Part 1: comparison to surface stations observations. Clim. Dyn . https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-008-0378-6 .
Morcrette , J.-J. 2002a. Assessment of the ECMWF model cloudiness and surface radiation fields at the ARM SGP site. Mon. Wea. Rev . 130 , 257 - 277 .
Morcrette , J.-J. 2002b. The surface downward longwave radiation in the ECMWF forecast system . J. Clim . 15 , 1875– 1892 .
Ohmura , A. , Gilgen , H. and Wild , M. 1989 . Global energy balance archive GEBA, World Climate Program Project A7—Water, Report 1: Introduction, Zuercher Geografische Schriften Nr. 34, Verlag der Fachvereine, Zuerich , 62 pp .
Ohmura , A. , Dutton E. G. , Frohlich C. , Gilgen H., Hegner H. and co-authors . 1998 . Baseline Surface Radiation Network (BSRN/VVCRP), a new precision radiometry for climate research. Bull. Am. MeteoroL Soc . 79 , 2115 - 2136 .
Ramanathan , V , Subasilar , B. , Zhang , G. , Conant , W. , Cess , R. and co-authors. 1995 . Warm pool heat budget and shortwave cloud forcing: a missing physics? Science 267 , 499 - 503 .
Randall , D. A. , Cess R. D. , Blanchet J. P. , Boer G. J. , Dazlich D. A. and co-authors. 1992 . Intercomparison and interpretation of surface energy fluxes in atmospheric general circulation models. J. Geophys. Res . 97 , 3711 - 3725 .
Wild , M. 1999 . Discrepancies between model-calculated and observed atmospheric shortwave absorption in areas with high aerosol loadings . J. Geophys. Res . 104 , 27361 – 27371 .
Wild , M. 2000 . Absorption of solar energy in cloudless and cloudy atmospheres over Germany and in GCMs . Geophys. Res. Lett . 27 , 959 – 962 .
Wild , M. 2005 . Solar radiation budgets in atmospheric model intercom-parisons from a surface perspective . Geophys. Res. Lett . 32 , L07704 , https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL022421 .
Wild , M. and Liepert , B. 1998 . Excessive transmission of solar radiation through the cloud-free atmosphere in GCMs . Geophys. Res. Lett . 25 , 2165 – 2168 .
Wild , M. and Roeckner , E. 2006 . Radiative fluxes in ECHAM5 . J. Clim . 19 , 3792 – 3809 .
Wild , M. , Ohmura , A. , Gilgen , H. and Roeckner , E. 1995 . Validation of GCM simulated radiative fluxes using surface observations . J. Clim . 8 , 1309 – 1324 .
Wild , M. , Diimenil , L. and Schulz , J. P. 1996 . Regional climate simula-tion with a high resolution GCM: surface hydrology . Clim. Dyn . 12 , 755 – 774
Wild , M. , Ohmura , A. and Cubasch , U. 1997 . GCM-Simulated Surface Energy Fluxes in Climate Change Experiments . J. Clim . 10 , 3093 – 3110 .
Wild , M. , Ohmura , A. , Gilgen , H. , Roeckner , E. , Giorgetta , M. and co-authors. 1998a . The disposition of radiative energy in the global climate system: GCM versus observational estimates. Clim. Dyn . 14 , 853 - 869 .
Wild , M. , Ohmura , A. , Gilgen , H. and Morcrette , J. J. 1998b . The distribution of solar energy at the earth’s surface as calcu-lated in the ECMWF re-analysis . Geophys. Res. Lett . 25 , 4373 – 4376 .
Wild , M. , Ohmura , A. , Gilgen , H. , Morcrette , J. J. and Slingo , A. 2001 . Evaluation of downward longwave radiation in general circulation models . J. Clim . 14 , 3227 – 3239 .
Wild , M. , Long , C. N. and Ohmura , A. 2006 . Evaluation of clear-sky solar fluxes in GCMs participating in AMIP and IPCC-AR4 from a surface perspective . J. Geophys. Res . 111 , D01104 , https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006118 .