Bersch , M . 2002 . North Atlantic Oscillation-induced changes of the upper layer circulation in the northern North Atlantic Ocean . J. Geophys. Res . 107 , 3156 , https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JC000901 .
Bersch , M. , Yashayaev , I. and Koltermann , K. P . 2007 . Recent changes of the thermohaline circulation in the subpolar North Atlantic . Ocean Dyn . 57 , 223 – 235 .
Curry , R. , Dickson , R. and Yashayaev , I . 2003 . A change in the freshwater balance of the Atlantic Ocean over the past four decades . Nature 426 , 826 – 829 .
Dickson , R. , Yashayaev , I. , Meincke , J. , Turrell , B. , Dye , S. and co-authors . 2002 . Rapid freshening of the deep North Atlantic Ocean over the past four decades. Nature 416 , 832 – 837 .
Draper , N. R. and Smith , H . 1998 . Applied Regression Analysis , 3rd ed. , Wiley-Interscience , New York , 706 pp .
Eldevilc , T. , Nilsen , J. E. O. , Iovino , D. , Olsson , K. A. , Sando , A. B. and co-authors . 2009 . Observed sources and variability of Nordic seas overflow. Nat. Geosci ., https://doi.org/10.1038/NGE0518 .
Falina , A. , Sarafanov , A. and Sokov , A . 2007 . Variability and renewal of Labrador Sea Water in the Irminger Basin in 1991-2004 . J. Geophys. Res . 112 , C01006 , https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JC003348 .
Fogelqvist , E. , Blindheim , J. , Tanhua , T. , Osterhus , S. , Buch , E. and co-authors . 2003 . Greenland-Scotland overflow studied by hydro-chemical multivariate analysis. Deep Sea Res., Part 150 , 73 – 102 .
Gulev , S. K. , Barnier , B. , Knochel , H. , Molines , J.-M. and Cottet , M . 2003 . Water mass transformation in the North Atlantic and its impact on the meridional circulation: insights from on ocean model forced by NCEP/NCAR reanalysis surface fluxes . J. Clim . 16 , 3085 – 3110 .
Häkkinen , S. and Rhines , P. B . 2009 . Shifting surface currents in the northern North Atlantic Ocean . J. Geophys. Res . 114 , C04005 , https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JC004883 .
Hátún , H. , Sando , A. B. and Drange , H . 2005 . Influence of the Atlantic Subpolar Gyre on the thermohaline circulation . Science 309 , 1841 – 1844 .
Hawkins , E. and Sutton , R . 2008 . Potential predictability of rapid changes in the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation . Geophys. Res. Lett . 35 , L11603 , https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL034059 .
Holfort , J. and Albrecht , T . 2007 . Atmospheric forcing of salinity in the overflow of Denmark Strait . Ocean Sci . 3 , 411 – 416 .
Holliday , N. P. , Hughes , S. L. , Bacon , S. , Beszczynska-Möller , A. , Hansen , B. and co-authors . 2008 . Reversal of the 1960s to 1990s freshening trend in the northeast North Atlantic and Nordic Seas. Geophys. Res. Lett . 35 , L03614 , https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL032675 .
Lazier , J. , Hendry , R. , Clarke , A. , Yashayaev , I. and Rhines , P . 2002 . Convection and restratification in the Labrador Sea, 1990-2000 . Deep Sea Res . 49 , 1819 – 1835 .
Lozier , M. S. and Stewart , N. M . 2008 . On the temporally-varying northward penetration of Mediterranean Overflow Water and eastward penetration of Labrador Sea Water . J. Phys. Oceanogr 38 , 2097 – 2103 , https://doi.org/10.1175/2008JP03908.1 .
Lozier , M. S. , Leadbetter , S. , Williams , R. G. , Roussenov , V. , Reed , M. S. C. and co-authors . 2008 . The spatial pattern and mechanisms of heat-content change in the North Atlantic. Science 319 , 800 – 803 .
Peterson , B. J. , McClelland , J. , Curry , R. , Holmes , R. M. , Walsh , J. E. and co-authors . 2006 . Trajectory shifts in the Arctic and Subarctic fresh-water cycle. Science 313 , 1061 – 1066 .
Pickart , R. S. , Spall , M. , Ribergaard , M. H. , Moore , G. W. K. and Milliff , R . 2003 . Deep convection in the Irminger Sea forced by the Greenland tip jet . Nature 424 , 152 – 156 .
Sarafanov , A . 2009 . On the effect of the North Atlantic Oscillation on temperature and salinity of the subpolar North Atlantic intermediate and deep waters . ICES J. Mar Sci . 66 , 1448 – 1454 , https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjmsffsp094 .
Sarafanov , A. , Sokov , A. , Demidov , A. and Falina , A . 2007 . Warming and salinification of intermediate and deep waters in the Irminger Sea and Iceland Basin in 1997-2006 . Geophys. Res. Lett . 34 , L23609 , https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL031074 .
Sarafanov , A. , Falina , A. , Sokov , A. and Demidov , A . 2008 . Intense warming and salinification of intermediate waters of southern origin in the eastern subpolar North Atlantic in the 1990s to mid-2000s . J. Geophys. Res . 113 , C12022 , https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JC004975 .
Sokov , A. V . 2007 . Cruise 23 of RV “Akademik Ioffe”. cruise report , 86 pp ., Shirshov Inst. of Oceanology , Moscow .
Scheinert , M. , Boning , C. and Biastoch , A . 2008 . Freshening of the subpolar North Atlantic : causes and consequences. Abstracts of the ICES International Symposium on Effects of climate change on the world’s oceans , 4839 , 69 .
Thierry , V. , de Boisséson , E. and Mercier , H . 2008 . Interannual variability of the Subpolar Mode Water properties over the Reyk-janes Ridge during 1990-2006 . J. Geophys. Res . 113 , C04016 , https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JC004443 .
Vâge , K. , Picicart , R. S. , Thierry , V , Reverdin , G. , Lee , C. M. and co-authors . 2009. Surprising return of deep convection to the subpolar North Atlantic Ocean in winter 2007 – 2008 . Nat. Geosci . 2 , 67 – 72 , https://doi.org/10.1038/NGE0382 .
van Aken , H. M . 2000 . RV Pelagia shipboard report: cruise 64PEI69 , Project CLIVARNET Atlantic Monitoring Programme (CAMP). Netherlands Inst. for Sea Res., Texel , 21 pp .
van Aken , H. M. and de Boer , C. J . 1995 . On the synoptic hydrography of intermediate and deep water masses in the Iceland Basin . Deep Sea Res. Part I . 42 , 165 – 189 .
Yashayaev , I. and Dickson , R . 2008 . Transformation and fate of over-flows in the Northern North Atlantic. In: Arctic—Subarctic Ocean Fluxes , (eds R. Dickson , J. Meincke , and P. Rhines ). 505 – 526 , https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6774-7_22 .
Yashayaev , I. and Loder , J. W . 2009 . Enhanced production of Labrador Sea Water in 2008 . Geophys. Res. Lett . 36 , L01606 , https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL036162 .
Yashayaev , I. , van Aken , H. M. , Holliday , N. P. and Bersch , M . 2007 . Transformation of the Labrador Sea Water in the subpolar North Atlantic . Geophys. Res. Lett . 34 , L22605 , https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL031812 .
Yashayaev , I. , Holliday , P. , Bersch M. and van Aken , H. M . 2008 . The history of Labrador Sea Water: production, spreading, transformation and loss. In: Arctic—Subarctic Ocean Fluxes (eds R. Dickson , J. Meincke and P. Rhines ). 505 – 526 , https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6774-7_25 .