Adler , R. F. , Kidd , C. , Petty , G. , Morissey , M. and Goodman , H. M . 2001 . Intercomparison of global precipitation products: the third precipitation intercomparison project (PIP-3) . Bull. Amer Meteor Soc . 82 , 1377 – 1396 .
Andersson , A. , Bakan , S. , Fennig , K. , Grassi , H. , Klepp , C. R , and co-authors . 2007 . Hamburg Ocean Atmosphere Parameters and Fluxes from Satellite Data - HOAPS-3 - monthly mean. World Data Center for Climate, https://doi.org/10.1594/VVDCC/HOAPS3-MONTHLY .
Andersson , A . 2009 . The HOAPS climatology: evaluation and applications , Ph.D. thesis, Universtä Hamburg, Germany. Berichte zur Erdsystemforschung Nr. 72, Max-Planck-Institut fr Meteorologie, Hamburg, Germany. ISSN 1614-1199
Andersson , A. , Balcan , S. and GraBl , H . 2010 . Satellite derived North Atlantic precipitation and freshwater flux variability and its dependence on the NAO index . Tellus 62A .
Barnier , B . 1998 . Forcing the ocean. In: Ocean Modeling and Parameterization , (eds. E. P. Chassignet and J. Verron ), Kluwer Academic Publishers , Netherlands , 45 – 80 .
Bauer , P. , Lopez , P. , Benedetti , A. , Salmond , D. and Moreau , E . 2006 . Implementation of 1D+4D-Var assimilation of precipitation-affected microwave radiances at ECMWF. I: 1D-Var, Quart . J. Roy. Meteor Soc . 132 ( 620 ), 2277 – 2306 .
Beranger , K. , Barmier , B. , Gulev , S. and Crepon , M . 2006 . Comparing 20 years of precipitation estimates from different sources over the world ocean . Ocean Dyn . 56 , 104 – 138 .
Beranger , K. , Siefridt , L. , Barmier , B. , Gamier , E. and Roquet , H . 1999 . Evaluation of operational ECMWF surface freshwater fluxes over oceans during 1991-1997 . J. Mar Syst . 22 , 13 – 36 .
Baumgartner , A. and Reichel , E . 1975 . The World Water Balance . Amsterdam, the Netherlands, and New York, USA, Elsevier, 179 pp .
Bentamy , A. , Katsaros , K. B. , Alberto , M. , Drennan , W. M. , Forde , E. B. and co-authors . 2003 . Satellite estimates of wind speed and latent heat flux over the global oceans. J. Climate 16 , 637 – 656 .
Bourras , D . 2006 . Comparison of five satellite-derived latent heat flux products to moored buoy data . J. Climate 19 , 6291 – 6313 .
Bowman , K. P. , Homeyer , C. R. and Stone , D. G . 2009 . A Comparison of Oceanic Precipitation Estimates in the Tropics and Subtropics . J. Appl. Meteor Climatol . 48 , 1335 – 1344 .
Chambers , D. , Chen , J. , Nerem , R. and Tapley , B . 2000 . Interannual mean sea level change and the Earth’s water mass budget . Geophys. Res. Lett . 27 ( 19 ), 3073 – 3076 .
Curry , R. , Dickson , B. and Yashayaev , I . 2003 . A change in the freshwater balance of the Atlantic Ocean over the past four decades . Nature 426 , 826 – 829 .
Dai , A. and Trenberth , K. E . 2002 . Estimates of freshwater discharge from continents: latitudinal and seasonal variations . J. Hydrometeor 3 , 660 – 687 .
Fairall , C. W. , Bradley , E. F. , Hare , J. E. , Grachev , A. A. and Edson , J. B . 2003 . Bulk parameterization of air-sea fluxes: update and verification for the COARE algorithm . J. Climate 16 , 571 – 591 .
Fairall , C. W. , Bradley , E. F. , Rogers , D. R , Edson , J. B. and Young , G. S . 1996 . Bulk parameterization of air-sea fluxes for Tropical Ocean-Global Atmosphere Coupled-Ocean Atmosphere Response Experiment . J. Geophys. Res . 101 , 3747 – 3764 .
Fekete , B. M. , Vorosmarty , C. J. and Grabs , W . 1999 . An improved global spatially-distributed runoff data set based on observed river discharge and simulated water balance. Unpublished Report, Complex Systems Research Center, University of New, Hampshire, 35pp.
Ganachaud , A. and Wunsch , C . 2003 . Large-scale ocean heat and freshwater transports during the World Ocean Circulation Experiment . J. Climate 16 , 696 – 705 .
Gulev , S. K. , Barmier , B. , Knochel , H. , Molines , J. M. and Cottet , M . 2003 . Water mass transformation in the North Atlantic and its impact on the meridional circulation: insights from an ocean model forced by NCAR-NCAR reanalysis surface fluxes . J. Climate 16 , 3085 – 3110 .
Gulev , K. , Barmier , B. , Molines , J. M. , Penduff , T. and Chanut , J . 2007 . Impact of spatial resolution on simulated surface water mass transformations in the Atlantic . Ocean Modell . 19 , 138 – 160 .
Huang , R. X. and Schmitt , R. W . 1993 . The Goldsbrough-Stommel circulation of the world oceans . J. Phys. Oceanogr 23 , 1277 – 1284 .
Janowialc , J. E. , Gruber , A. , Kondragunta , C. R. , Livezey , R. E. and Huffman , G. J . 1998 . A comparison of The NCEP-NCAR reanalysis precipitation and the GPCP rain gauge-satellite combined dataset with observational error considerations . J. Climate 11 , 2960 – 2979 .
Jourdan , D. , Peterson , P. and Gautier , C . 1997 . Oceanic freshwater budget and transport as derived from satellite radiometric data . J. Phys. Oceanogr 27 , 457 – 467 .
Josey , S. A. and Marsh , R . 2005 . Surface freshwater flux variability and recent freshening of the North Atlantic in the eastern subpolar gyre . J. Geophys. Res . 110 , C05008 , https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JC002521 .
Kalnay , E. , Kanamitsu , M. , Kistler , R. , Collins , W. , Deaven , D. and co-authors . 1996 . The NCEP/NCAR re-analysis project. Bull. Amer Meteor Soc . 77 , 437 – 471 .
Köhl , A. , Dommenget , D. , Ueyoshi , K. and Stammer , D . 2006 . The global ECCO 1952 to 2001 ocean synthesis. ECCO Report 40, http://www.ecco-group.org/report_series.htm.
Köhl , A. , Stammer , D. and Cornuelle , B . 2007 . Interannual to decadal changes in the ECCO global synthesis . J. Phys. Oceanogr 37 , 313 – 337 .
Köhl , A. and Stammer , D . 2008a . Decadal sea level changes in the 50-year GECCO ocean synthesis . J. Climate 21 , 1876 – 1890 .
Köhl , A. and Stammer , D . 2008b . Variability of the meridional overturning in the North Atlantic from the 50 years GECCO state estimation . J. Phys. Oceanogr 38 , 1913 – 1930 .
Large , W. and Yeager , S . 2004 . Diurnal to decadal global forcing for ocean and sea ice models: the data sets and flux climatologies. NCAR Technical Note: NCAR/TN-460±STR. CGD Division of the National Center for Atmospheric Research.
Lazier , J. R. N . 1980 . Oceanographic conditions at Ocean Weather Ship Bravo, 1964-1974 . Atmos. Ocean 18 , 227 – 238 .
Levitus , S. , Burgett , R. , and Boyer , T. 1994. World Ocean Atlas 1994, Volume 3, Salinity, and Volume 4, Temperature, NOAA Atlas NES-DIS 3 & 4, U.S. Department of Comm., Washington , DC .
Leung , L. R. , Qian , Y. , Han , J. and Roads , J . 2003 . Intercomparison of global reanalyses and regional simulations of cold season water budgets in the western United States . J. Hydrometeorol . 4 , 1067 – 1087 .
MacDonald , A . 1998 . The global ocean circulation: a hydrographic estimate and regional analysis . Prog. Oceanogr 41 , 281 – 382 .
Marshall , J. , Adcroft , A. , Hill , C. , Perelman , L. and Heisey , C . 1997a . A finite-volume, incompressible Navier-Stokes model for studies of the ocean on parallel computers . J. Geophys . 102 , 5753 – 5766 .
Marshall , J. , Hill , C. , Perelman , L. and Adcroft , A . 1997b . Hydrostatic, quasi-hydrostatic and non-hydrostatic ocean modeling . J. Geophys. Res . 102 , 5733 – 5752 .
Mehta , V. M. , DeCandis , A. J. and Mehta , A. V . 2005 . Remote-sensing-based estimates of the fundamental global water cycle: annual cycle . J. Geophys. Res . 110 , D22103 , https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JD005672 .
Röske , F . 2006 . A global heat and freshwater forcing dataset for ocean models . Ocean Modell . 11 , 235 – 297 .
Rudels , B. , Marnela , M. and Erilcsson , P . 2008 . Constraints on estimating mass, heat and freshwater transports in the Arctic Ocean: An exercise. In: Arctic-Subarctic Ocean Fluxes: Defining the Role of the Northern Seas in Climate , (eds. R. Dickson , J. Meincke and P. Rhines ), Springer, Dordrecht , Netherlands , 315 – 341 .
Sapiano , M. R. P. and Arkin , P. A . 2009 . An intercomparison and validation of high resolution satellite precipitation estimates with three-hourly gauge data . J. Hydrometeor 10 , 149 – 166 .
Schinoda , T. , Hendon , H. H. and Glick , J . 1999 . Intraseasonal surface fluxes in the tropical western Pacific and Indian Oceans from NCEP reanalyses. Mon . Wea. Re v . 127 , 678 – 693 .
Schulz , J. , Schlüssel , P. and Graßl H . 1993 . Water vapor in the atmospheric boundary layer over oceans from SSM/I measurements . Int. J. Remote Sens . 14 , 2773 – 2789 .
Schlüssel , P . 1995 . Passive Fernerkundung der unteren Atmosphäre und der Meeresoberche aus dem Weltraum. vol. 20 of Berichte aus dem Zentrum für Meeres-und Klimaforschung, Reihe A: Meteorologie, Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Bundesstr. 55,20146 Hamburg, Germany, ISSN 0947 – 7128 .
Schlüssel , P . 1996 . Satellite remote sensing of evaporation over sea. In: Radiation and Water in the Climate System: Remote Measurements, Volume 145 of NATO ASI Series, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany, 431 – 459 .
Schmidt , S. and Send , U . 2007 . Origin and composition of sea-sonal Labrador sea freshwater . J. Phys. Oceanogr 37 , 1445 – 1454 .
Smith , R. D. , Maltrud , M. E. , Bryan , E O. and Hecht , M. W . 2000 . Numerical representation of North Atlantic Ocean at 1/10° . J. Phys. Oceanogr . 30 , 1532 – 1561 .
Sohn , B. J. , Smith , E. A. , Robertson , F. R. and Park , S. C . 2004. Derived over-ocean water vapor transports from satellite-retrieved E2 P datasets. 17 , 1352 – 1365 .
Straneo , F . 2006 . Heat and freshwater transport through the central Labrador Sea . J. Phys. Oceanogr 36 , 606 – 628 .
Schlosser , A. and Houser , R . 2006 . Assessing a satellite-era perspective of the global water cycle . J. Climate 20 , 1316 – 1338 .
Stammer , D. , Wunsch , C. , Giering , R. , Eckert , C. , Heimbach , P. and co-authors . 2002 . The global ocean circulation during 1992 —1997, estimated from ocean observations and a general circulation model. J. Geophys. Res . 107 ( C9 ), 3118 , https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JC000888 .
Stammer , D. , Ueyoshi , K. , Köhl , A. , Large , W. G. , Josey , S. A. and co-authors . 2004 . Estimating air-sea fluxes of heat, freshwater, and momentum through global ocean data assimilation. J. Geophys. Res . 109 , C05023 , https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JC002082 .
Swift , C. T. , Fedor , L. S. and Ramseier , R. O . 1985 . An algorithm to measure sea ice concentration with microwave radiometers . J. Geophys. Res . 90 , 1087 – 1099 .
Talley , L. D . 2008 . Freshwater transport estimates and the global over-turning circulation: shallow, deep and throughflow components . Prog. Oceanogr 78 , 257 – 303 .
Trenberth , K. E. , Smith , L. , Qian , T. , Dai , A. and Fasullo , J . 2007 . Estimates of the global water budget and its annual cycle using observational and model data . J. Hydrometeor 8 , 758 – 769 .
Trenberth , K. E. and Guillemot , C. J . 1998 . Evaluation of the atmospheric moisture and hydrological cycle in the NCEP/NCAR reanalyses . Climate Dyn . 14 , 213 – 231 .
Winterfeldt , J. , Andersson , A. , Klepp , C. P. , Balcan , S. and Weisse , R . 2009 . Comparison of HOAPS, QuilcSCAT and buoy wind speed in the eastern North Atlantic and the North Sea, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens . 47 , https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2009.2023982
Wijffels , S. E . 2001 . Ocean transport of fresh water, in ocean circulation and climate. In: Observing and Modelling the Global Ocean , (eds. G. Siedler , J. Church and J. Gould ), Academic Press , London , 475 – 488 .
Wunsch , C . 1996 . The Ocean Circulation Inverse Problem , Cambridge Univ. Press , New York , 442 pp .
Xie , R , Janowiak , J. E. , Chen , M. , Wang , W. , Shie , C. L. and co-authors . 2007 . Examining fresh water flux over global oceans in the NCEP CDAS, CDAS2, GDAS, GFS, and CFS. In: Proceedings of the 32nd Annual Climate Diagnostics and Prediction Workshop, Tallahassee, FL.
Yashayaev , I. and Clarke , A . 2008 . Evolution of North Atlantic water masses inferred from Labrador sea salinity series . Oceanography 21 , 30 – 45 .