Adler , R. E , Huffman , G. J. , Bolvin , D. T. , Curtis , S. and Nellcin , E. J . 2000 . Tropical rainfall distributions determined using TRMM combined with other satellite and rain gauge information . J. Appl. Meteor 39 ( 12 ), 2007 – 2023 .
Adler , R. F. , Huffman , G. J. , Chang , A. , Ferraro , R. , Xie , P. and co-authors . 2003. The version-2 Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) monthly precipitation analysis (1979-present) . J. Hydrometeor 4 ( 6 ), 1147-1167 .
Adler , R. , Kidd , C. , Petty , G. , Morissey , M. and Goodman , H . 2001 . Intercomparison of global precipitation products: the third Precipitation Intercomparison Project (PIP-3) . Bull. Amer Meteor Soc . 82 ( 7 ), 1377 – 1396 .
Ambaum , M. H. P. , Hoskins , B. J. and Stephenson , D. B . 2001 . Arctic Oscillation or North Atlantic Oscillation? J. Climate 14 , 3495 – 3507 .
Andersson , A . 2009 . The HOAPS Climatology: Evaluation and Applications . PhD thesis, Berichte zur Erdsystemforschung 72, Universtät Hamburg, Max-Planck-Institut far Meteorologie, Hamburg, Germany. ISSN 1614 – 1199 .
Andersson , A. , Balcan , S. , Fennig , K. , GraBl , H. , Klepp , C. and co-authors . 2007 . Hamburg Ocean Atmosphere Parameters and Fluxes from Satellite Data-HOAPS-3-monthly mean. World Data Center for Climate , electronic publication , https://doi.org/10.1594/WDCC/HOAPS3_MONTHLY .
Bader , J. and Latif , M . 2005 . North Atlantic Oscillation response to anomalous Indian Ocean SST in a coupled GCM . J. Climate 18 ( 24 ), 5382 – 5389 .
Balcan , S. , Jost , V. and Fennig , K . 2000 . Satellite derived water balance climatology for the North Atlantic: first results . Phys. Chem. Earth Part B 25 ( 2 ), 121 – 128 .
Barnston , A. G. and Livezey , R. E . 1987 . Classification, seasonality and persistence of low-frequency atmospheric circulation patterns . Mon. Wea. Rev . 115 ( 6 ), 1083 – 1126 .
Bentamy , A. , Katsaros , K. B. , Mestas-Nunez , A. M. , Drennan , W. M. , Forde , E. B. and co-authors . 2003 . Satellite estimates of wind speed and latent heat flux over the global oceans. J. Climate 16 ( 4 ), 637 – 656 .
Bojariu , R. and Reverdin , G . 2002 . Large-scale variability modes of freshwater flux and precipitation over the Atlantic . Clim. Dyn . 18 ( 5 ), 369 – 381 .
Carleton , A. M . 1988 . Meridional transport of eddy sensible heat in winters marked by extremes of the North Atlantic Oscillation, 1948/49-1979/80 . J. Climate 1 ( 2 ), 212 – 223 .
Casey , K. S. 2004. Global AVHRR 4 km SST for 1985-2001, Pathfinder V5.0, NODC/RSMAS, Technical report, NOAA National Oceanographic Data Center, Silver Spring, Maryland. NODC Accession Numbers 0001763-0001864: Pathfinder AVHRR Version 5.0.
Cayan , D. R . 1992a . Latent and sensible heat flux anomalies over the northern oceans: driving the sea surface temperature . J. Phys. Oceanogr . 22 ( 8 ), 859 – 881 .
Cayan , D. R . 1992b . Latent and sensible heat flux anomalies over the Northern Oceans: the connection to monthly atmospheric circulation . J. Climate 5 , 354 – 370 .
Czaja , A. and Franlcignoul , C . 1999 . Influence of the North Atlantic SST on the atmospheric circulation . Geophys. Res. Lett . 26 ( 19 ), 2969 – 2972 .
Czaja , A. and Marshall , J . 2001 . Observations of atmosphere-ocean coupling in the North Atlantic . Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc . 127 ( 576 ), 1893 – 1916 .
Deser , C. and Blackmon , M. L . 1993 . Surface climate variations over the North Atlantic Ocean) during winter: 1900-1989 . J. Climate 6 ( 9 ), 1743 – 1753 .
Dickson , R. , Osborn , T. , Hurrell , J. , Meincke , J. , Blindheim , J. and co-authors. 2000. The Arctic Ocean response to the North Atlantic Oscillation . J. Climate 13 ( 15 ), 2671-2696 .
Fairall , C. W. , Bradley , E. F. , Hare , J. E. , Grachev , A. A. and Edson , J. B . 2003 . Bulk parameterization of air-sea fluxes: updates and verification for the COARE algorithm . J. Climate 16 ( 4 ), 571 – 591 .
Fairall , C. W. , Bradley , E. F. , Rogers , D. P. , Edson , J. B. and Young , G. S . 1996 . Bulk parameterization of air-sea fluxes for Tropical Ocean-Global Atmosphere Coupled-Ocean Atmosphere Response Experiment . J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans 101 , 3747 – 3764 .
Greatbatch , R . 2000 . The North Atlantic Oscillation. Stoch. Env . Res. Risk A . 14 ( 4 ), 213 – 242 .
Hoerling , M. P. , Hurrell , J. W. and Xu , T . 2001 . Tropical origins for recent North Atlantic climate change . Science 292 ( 5514 ), 90 – 92 .
Huang , J. , Higuchi , K. and Shabbar , A . 1998 . The relationship between the North Atlantic Oscillation and El Niiio Southern Oscillation . Geophys. Res. Lett . 25 ( 14 ), 2707 – 2710 .
Hurrell , J. and van Loon , H . 1997 . Decadal variations in climate associated with the North Atlantic Oscillation . Clim. Change 36 ( 3 ), 301 – 326 .
Hurrell , J. W . 1995a . Decadal trends in the North Atlantic Oscillation: regional temperatures and precipitation . Science 269 ( 5224 ), 676 – 679 .
Hurrell , J. W . 1995b . Transient eddy forcing of the rotational flow during northern winter . J. Atmos. Sci . 52 ( 12 ), 2286 – 2301 .
Hurrell , J. W. , Kushnir , Y. , Visbeck , M. and Ottersen , G . 2003 . An overview of the North Atlantic Oscillation. In The North Atlantic Oscillation: Climate Significance and Environmental Impact . Vol. 134 (eds J. W. Hurrell , Y. Kushnir , G. Ottersen and M. Visbeck ), Geophysical Monograph Series , pp. 1 – 35 .
Jones , P. , Jonsson , T. and Wheeler , D . 1997 . Extension to the North Atlantic Oscillation using early instrumental pressure observations from Gibraltar and south-west Iceland . Int. J. Climatol . 17 ( 13 ), 1433 – 1450 .
Kanamitsu , M. , Ebisuzaki , W. , Woollen , J. , Yang , S. , Hnilo , J. and co-authors . 2002. NCEP-DOE AMIP-II Reanalysis (R-2) . Bull. Amer Meteor Soc . 83 ( 11 ), 1631-1643 .
Klepp , C. , Bumke , K. , Balcan , S. and Bauer , P . 2010 . Ground validation of oceanic snowfall in satellite climatologies during LOFZY. Tellus 62A. this issue .
Lott , J. N . 1994 . The US summer of 1993: a sharp contrast in weather extremes . Weather 49 ( 11 ), 370 – 383 .
Mann , H. and Whitney , D . 1947 . On a test of whether one of two random variables is stochastically larger than the other . Ann. Math. Stat . 18 ( 1 ), 50 – 60 .
Mariotti , A. and Arkin , P . 2007 . The North Atlantic Oscillation and oceanic precipitation variability . Clim. Dyn . 28 ( 1 ), 35 – 51 .
Marshall , J. , Kushner , Y. , Battisti , D. , Chang , P. , Czaja , A. and co-authors . 2001 . North Atlantic climate variability: phenomena, impacts and mechanisms . Int. J. Climatol . 21 ( 15 ), 1863-1898 .
Miller , A. J. , Thou , S. and Yang , S. K . 2003 . Relationship of the Arctic and Antarctic Oscillations to the outgoing longwave radiation . J. Climate 16 ( 10 ), 1583 – 1592 .
Murray , E W . 1967 . On the computation of saturation vapor pressure . J. Appl. Meteor 6 , 203 – 204 .
NODC : 2008. National Oceanographic Data Center, Silver Spring, Maryland. URL: http://www.nodc.noaa.gov/sog/pathfinder4km/userguide.html
Rogers , J . 1997 . North Atlantic storm track variability and its association to the North Atlantic Oscillation and climate variability of northern Europe . J. Climate 10 ( 7 ), 1635 – 1647 .
Rogers , J. C . 1984 . The Association between the North Atlantic Oscillation and the Southern Oscillation in the Northern Hemisphere . Mon. Wea. Rev . 112 ( 10 ), 1999 – 2015 .
Romanova , V. , Köhl , A. , Stammer , D. , Klepp , C. , Andersson , A. and co-authors . 2010 . Intercomparison of GECCO, HOAPS and NCEP net sea surface freshwater flux fields. Tellus 62A. this issue .
Rudolf , B. , Hauschild , H. , Rueth , W. and Schneider , U . 1994 . Terres-trial precipitation analysis: operational method and required density of point measurements . In: Global Precipitations and Climate Change (eds M. Desbois and F. Desalmond ), NATO ASI Series I , 26 .
Schneider , U. , Fuchs , T. , Meyer-Christoffer , A. and Rudolf , B . 2008 . Global precipitation analysis products of the GPCC, Internet publication, Global Precipitation Climatology Centre (GPCC), DWD. ftp://ftp.dwd.de/pub/data/gpcc/PDF/GPCC_intro_products_ 2008.pdf.
Serreze , M. , Carse , F. , Barry , R. and Rogers , J . 1997 . Icelandic low cyclone activity: climatological features, linkages with the NAG, and relationships with recent changes in the Northern Hemisphere circulation . J. Climate 10 ( 3 ), 453 – 464 .
Sickmöller , M. , Blender , R. and Fraedrich , K . 2000 . Observed winter cyclone tracks in the Northern Hemisphere in re-analysed ECMWF data . Quart. J. Roy. Meteor Soc . 126 , 591 – 620 .
Simmons , A. , Uppala , S. , Dee , D. and Kobayashi , S . 2007 . ERA-Interim: new ECMWF reanalysis products from 1989 onwards . ECMWF Newslett . 110 , 25 – 35 .
Swift , C. T. , Fedor , L. S. and Ramseier , R. O . 1985 . An algorithm to measure sea ice concentration with microwave radiometers . J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans 90 , 1087 – 1099 .
Trenberth , K. E . 1984 . Signal versus noise in the Southern Oscillation . Mon. Wea. Rev . 112 ( 2 ), 326 – 332 .
Trigo , R. , Osborn , T. and Corte-Real , J . 2002 . The North Atlantic Oscillation influence on Europe: climate impacts and associated physical mechanisms . Climate Res . 20 ( 1 ), 9 – 17 .
Uvo , C . 2003 . Analysis and regionalization of northern European winter precipitation based on its relationship with the North Atlantic Oscillation . Int. J. Climatol . 23 ( 10 ), 1185 – 1194 .
Visbeck , M. , Cullen , H. , Krahmann , G. and Naik , N . 1998 . An ocean model’s response to North Atlantic Oscillation-like wind forcing . Geophys. Res. Lett . 25 ( 24 ), 4521 – 4524 .
Walker , G . 1923 . Correlation in seasonal variations of weather. IX. A further study of world weather. Mem. Indian Meteorol. Dept . 24 ( Part 9 ), 275 – 332 .
Walker , G. and Bliss , E . 1932 . World weather. Part V . Mem. Roy. Meteor Soc . 4 , 53 – 84 .
Wallace , J. and Thompson , D . 2002 . The Pacific center of action of the Northern Hemisphere annular mode: real or artifact? J. Climate 15 ( 14 ), 1987 – 1991 .
Walsh , J. and Portis , D . 1999 . Variations of precipitation and evaporation over the North Atlantic Ocean, 1958-1997 . J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos . 104 , 16613 – 16631 .
Wanner , H. , Bronnimann , S. , Casty , C. , Gyalistras , D. , Luterbacher , J. and co-authors . 2001 . North Atlantic Oscillation-concepts and studies. Surv. Geophys . 22 ( 4 ), 321 – 382 .
Wilks , D . 2006 . Statistical Methods in the Atmospheric Sciences 2nd Edition. Vol. 91 of International Geophysics Series, Academic Press Ltd, London, UK.
Xie , P. and Arkin , P . 1997 . Global precipitation: a 17-year monthly analysis based on gauge observations, satellite estimates, and numerical model outputs . Bull. Amer Meteor Soc . 78 ( 11 ), 2539 – 2558 .