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    Original Research Papers

    The changing atmospheric water cycle in Polar Regions in a warmer climate

    Authors:

    Lennart Bengtsson ,

    NERC Centre for Earth Observation (NCEO), University of Reading, Whiteknights, PO Box 238, Reading, RG6 6AL, UK; International Space Science Institute (ISSI), Hallerstrasse 6, CH-3012 Bern, CH
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    Kevin I. Hodges,

    NERC Centre for Earth Observation (NCEO), University of Reading, Whiteknights, PO Box 238, Reading, RG6 6AL, GB
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    Symeon Koumoutsaris,

    International Space Science Institute (ISSI), Hallerstrasse 6, CH-3012 Bern, CH
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    Matthias Zahn,

    NERC Centre for Earth Observation (NCEO), University of Reading, Whiteknights, PO Box 238, Reading, RG6 6AL, GB
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    Noel Keenlyside

    Leibniz Institute of Marine Sciences, IFM-GEOMAR, Düsternbrooker Weg 20, D-24105 Kiel, DE
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    Abstract

    We have examined the atmospheric water cycle of both Polar Regions, polewards of 60◦N and 60◦S, using the ERAInterim reanalysis and high-resolution simulations with the ECHAM5 model for both the present and future climate based on the IPCC, A1B scenario.

    The annual precipitation in ERA-Interim amounts to ∼17000 km3 and is more or less the same in the Arctic and the Antarctic, but it is composed differently. In the Arctic the annual evaporation is ∼8000 km3 but ∼3000 km3 less in the Antarctica where the net horizontal transport is correspondingly larger. The net water transport of the model is more intense than in ERA-Interim, in the Arctic the difference is 2.5% and in the Antarctic it is 6.2%. Precipitation and net horizontal transport in the Arctic has a maximum in August and September. Evaporation peaks in June and July. The seasonal cycle is similar in Antarctica with the highest precipitation in the austral autumn. The largest net transport occurs at the end of the major extra-tropical storm tracks in the Northern Hemisphere such as the eastern Pacific and eastern north Atlantic.

    The variability of themodel is virtually identical to that of the re-analysis and there are no changes in variability between the present climate and the climate at the end of the 21st century when normalized with the higher level of moisture. The changes from year to year are substantial with the 20- and 30-year records being generally too short to identify robust trends in the hydrological cycle.

    In the A1B climate scenario the strength of the water cycle increases by some 25% in the Arctic and by 19% in the Antarctica, as measured by annual precipitation. The increase in the net horizontal transport is 29% and 22%, respectively, and the increase in evaporation correspondingly less. The net transport follows closely the Clausius—Clapeyron relation. There is a minor change in the annual cycle of the Arctic atmospheric water cycle with the maximum transport and precipitation occurring later in the year.

    There is a small imbalance of some 4–6% between the net transport and precipitation minus evaporation. We suggest that this is mainly due to the fact that the transport is calculated from instantaneous six hourly data while precipitation and evaporation is accumulated over a 6-h period. The residual difference is proportionally similar for all experiments and hardly varies from year to year.

    How to Cite: Bengtsson, L., Hodges, K.I., Koumoutsaris, S., Zahn, M. and Keenlyside, N., 2011. The changing atmospheric water cycle in Polar Regions in a warmer climate. Tellus A: Dynamic Meteorology and Oceanography, 63(5), pp.907–920. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0870.2011.00534.x
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      Published on 01 Jan 2011
    Peer Reviewed
     CC BY 4.0
     Accepted on 20 Jun 2011            Submitted on 5 Jan 2011

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